Journal of Organic & Inorganic Chemistry

Description

Azobenzene undergoes trans-cis isomerization when exposed to light at a wavelength that is appropriate for its structure. The reverse cis transisomerization can take place thermally in the dark or be triggered by light. Due to its photochromatic properties, azobenzene is an ideal component for numerous functional materials and molecular devices. Azobenzene photochemistry and the isomerization mechanism continue to be areas of inquiry despite the abundance of application-driven research. The isomerization mechanism and spectroscopic properties of the azobenzene ring system are altered by additional substituents. The research that has been done so far on the three main categories of azobenzene derivatives is discussed in detail in this critical review. Using azobenzene for the intended purposes necessitates an understanding of the photochemical differences caused by substitution. The unique properties of Near-Infrared (NIR) fluorophores grant them a number of advantages over conventional dyes that emit at shorter wavelengths. As a result, they have been extensively utilized as photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic agents, as well as agents for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Non-targeting NIR fluorescence-emitting organic molecules, on the other hand, have a disadvantage in that they are not very selective for tumors. This could lead to severe side effects if normal tissues are damaged. As a result, the development of NIR fluorophore-based drugs that target tumors is a hotly debated area of research in medicinal chemistry. A number of NIR fluorophore-based tumor imaging and therapeutic agents have been developed as a result of ongoing research efforts. This review discusses the findings of studies published between 2012 and 2021, with a focus on studies of NIR small organic dye-based imaging and therapeutic agents developed with cancer-selective strategies.

Proteolysis-Targeting

For drug discovery, targeted protein degradation (TPD) presents unprecedented opportunities. In contrast to the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, which has already entered clinical trials and altered the landscape of small-molecule drugs, new degrader technologies that utilize alternative degradation mechanisms, particularly lysosomal pathways, have emerged and expanded the range of targets that can be degraded? Autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs), which hijack the autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) for targeted degradation, were recently proposed by us. Degrader technologies that engage lysosomal pathways through a variety of mechanisms, such as AUTACs, AUTOTACs, LYTACs, and MoDE-As, were also reported by other groups. In this review, we look at and talk about ATTECs and other technologies for degrading lysosomes. Last but not least, we'll provide a brief synopsis of where these degrader technologies stand right now and suggest possible future research. The typically earth-abundant, inexpensive, and low-toxicity main group metals are appealing options for catalysis because sustainability is at the forefront of current polymerisation research. Main group metals have been used in a wide range of polymerizations, from the traditional alkene polymerization to the ring-opening polymerization and ring-opening copolymerization of new bio-derived and biodegradable polyesters and polycarbonates. Effective polymerization catalysts based on Group 1, Group 2, Zn, and Group 13 metals are highlighted in this tutorial review. The tailored ligand design, heterometallic cooperativity, bicomponent systems, and careful selection of the polymerization conditions-all of which can be used to fine-tune the metal Lewis acidity and the metal-alkyl bond polarity-are among the key mechanistic pathways and catalyst developments discussed. A few decades ago, it was first realized that transition metals could catalyze the addition of hydridoboranes to unsaturated organic molecules. Even though this part of chemistry got a lot of attention at the time, interest in this reaction and how it was used in organic synthesis waned for a while. This amazing catalytic reaction has expanded to include a much wider variety of organic substrates and earth-abundant metal catalysts, rising like a phoenix from the ashes. In point of fact, it is now frequently utilized as a diagnostic instrument to evaluate the reactivity and catalytic capability of newly produced transition metal and main group complexes. This review highlights some significant advancement up to the end of 2021 and into early 2022 because this field is moving so quickly.

Heterogeneous Catalysts

Diboron-based "hydroboration" reactions are excluded from this review. For electrochemical energy applications, multi-atom cluster catalysts have proven to be novel heterogeneous catalysts with atomic dispersion. As a result of the synergistic effects between adjacent atoms, they may offer enhanced activity beyond a straightforward combination of single-atom catalysts. In the meantime, the catalytic center's multiple active sites may allow for a variety of binding modes toward adsorbates and the possibility of catalyzing complex reactions with a variety of products. The development of multi-atom cluster catalysts for electrochemical energy applications has recently been thoroughly examined in this paper. In particular, synergistic effects in multi-atom cluster catalysts and modulation techniques associated with them are shown and summarized. The possibility of using multi-atom cluster catalysts to create novel descriptors and their introduction as a means of evading scaling relationships are then discussed. Then, the methods for making multi-atom cluster catalysts and the corresponding characterization methods are looked at. The real-time methods for their mechanistic study and their application in important electrochemical reactions like water splitting, oxygen reduction, and carbon dioxide/monoxide reduction are then discussed. Last but not least, the issues and opportunities that lie ahead for the development of multi-atom cluster catalysts are outlined. These aspects are absolutely necessary in order to make electrocatalysts like these that are suitable for the electrochemical conversion of energy viable. One of the main causes of global warming has been identified as the atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2).The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere can be reduced in a number of ways, such as by separating it from emission streams through storage or using it in fuels and chemicals. Materials based on zeolite (zeotype materials), a group of microporous solids that include: For CO2 capture, extensive research has focused on the structural characteristics of high surface area, chemical tunability, and high stability, as well as their long history of global industrial use. The development of zeotype materials for CO2 capture, such as composites, templated carbons, and cation and amine modifications, is summarized and discussed in detail in this review. These materials' CO2 adsorption mechanisms are discussed, as are the factors that influence their performance. The use of zeotype materials for CO2 capture in post-combustion, direct air capture, and indoor air cleaning are discussed. Water-zeolites interaction mechanisms and their effects on CO2 adsorption performance are also discussed. A brief discussion of the challenges and opportunities for future research in the field concludes the review.